Robben Island: South Africa’s Famous Prison
Sitting off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa is a famous tourist destination, known as Robben Island. The island is best known for the prison where Nelson Mandela was incarcerated, yet it has a rich history dating back 500 years. Today, Robben Island stands as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It helps remind those of South Africa’s past and its journey towards freedom.
Quick Facts
- Location: Robben Island, off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa
- Historical Significance: Former prison, hospital, and military site
- Apartheid-Era Prison: Used as a maximum-security prison for political prisoners from 1961 to 1991
- Nelson Mandela: Spent 18 of his 27 years in prison on Robben Island
- World Heritage Site: Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999
- Today: Preserved as a historic site and museum where visitors can learn about the island’s history and the struggle against apartheid
Early History of Robben Island
Robben Island is approximately five miles off mainland South Africa. The island is quite small, as it has an approximate area of five square miles. The island’s name comes from the Dutch word for “seals” (zeehonden), as seals were once common in its waters. Originally a Dutch settlement, it later served as a prison, hospital for those deemed “socially unfit”, and a military base between the 17th and 20th century.
Inside the Robben Island Prison
The prison consisted of four H-block General Sections, a U-shaped isolation block, a hospital, kitchen, and a dining hall. Each general section contained four general cells designed to hold 52 inmates. The isolation block had about 90 single cells in total. In the 1960s, political and common law prisoners were held together in the general section. They spent their days breaking rocks or working in a glaring lime quarry that caused permanent eye damage for many men. Food was very scarce, as black prisoners received the worst treatment, such as having lower food rations or having to wear degrading clothing.
Nelson Mandela’s Years on Robben Island
Nelson Mandela was sent to Robben Island because he was convicted of sabotage and plotting to overthrow the South African apartheid government. During the Rivonia Trial, Mandela received a life sentence. He spent 18 years on Robben Island, from June 1964 to March 1982, as part of his total 27-year sentence. Like the other prisoners, he lived in a tiny, damp cell with only a straw mat to sleep on. Guards even heavily restricted his mail and visits from family or outsiders. Though this was not a positive experience for Mandela, his time in prison on Robben Island became an important part of his story and the broader struggle against the apartheid.
Mandela’s Prison Release
By the late 1980s, South Africa faced internal unrest and severe international economic sanctions. This resulted in growing domestic and global pressure on the apartheid government to consider its stance. In 1985, the government did offer Mandela conditional freedom, but he refused it as he wanted to stand by his principles. Finally, in 1990, South African President F.W. de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC (African National Congress) and ordered Mandela’s unconditional release. Mandela’s release was historic, as many remember him famously walking out of prison together with his wife, Winnie Mandela. Mandela’s freedom then led to negotiations to end apartheid, resulting in the country’s first multiracial democratic elections in 1994, where he was elected president.
Modern Day Robben Island
Robben Island has vastly changed over the years. It’s now a preserved UNESCO World Heritage Site and has a public museum too. You can visit this historic location by booking Gate 1 Travel’s 10 Day Classic South Africa with Robben Island tour. This tour takes travelers directly to the island by ferry. Once arrived, you’ll have a tour guide take you around the prison where you’ll see Nelson Mandela’s cell, the lime quarry, and much more.
A Journey Through South Africa’s History
Visiting Robben Island is a once and a lifetime opportunity, where travelers can directly visit the location of one of the most historical moments of the last century. See up close what the prison’s living conditions were like while also learning about its impact on South Africa’s government. Travelers can visit Robben Island and have an extended stay in South Africa by booking our 13 Day tour instead. What other historical landmarks have you visited? Share this post and let us know!
Frequently Asked Questions About Robben Island
Why is Robben Island famous?
Robben Island is best known for its former maximum-security prison, where Nelson Mandela and many other political prisoners were held during South Africa’s apartheid era. The island has become an international symbol of the struggle for freedom and democracy.
Was Robben Island always a prison?
No. Robben Island has served several purposes throughout its history, including use as a prison, hospital, and military base. It was also used as a place of imprisonment long before the apartheid-era prison was established.
How long was Nelson Mandela imprisoned on Robben Island?
Nelson Mandela spent 18 years of his 27-year imprisonment on Robben Island before being transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Town in 1982.
When was Robben Island used as a political prison?
The apartheid government used Robben Island’s maximum-security prison to hold political prisoners from 1961 through 1991. Prisoners included people who opposed apartheid and fought for freedom and democracy.
Can you visit Nelson Mandela’s prison cell?
Yes. A visit to Robben Island includes the opportunity to see the prison and the cell associated with Nelson Mandela, providing a closer look at the conditions political prisoners experienced during their imprisonment.
Why is Robben Island a UNESCO World Heritage Site?
Robben Island was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999 because its buildings and landscapes document its difficult history and symbolize the triumph of freedom and democracy over oppression and racism.
Can travelers visit Robben Island from Cape Town?
Yes. Robben Island can be visited from Cape Town, making it a natural addition to a South Africa itinerary that includes time in the city and the surrounding region.